{"id":16014,"date":"2026-08-11T09:48:59","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T07:48:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/?p=16014"},"modified":"2026-08-11T10:09:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T08:09:59","slug":"land-expropriation-egypt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/land-expropriation-egypt\/","title":{"rendered":"546,000 Egyptians Lost Property to Government Projects. Compensation Was Calculated at 2023 Prices"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Over five years, the state expropriated approximately 88,769 feddans across 525 projects, affecting more than 136,519 families, equivalent to approximately 546,000 citizens, through an administrative decision issued in the name of &#8220;public interest&#8221; that cannot be challenged before its implementation. The only thing the citizen may contest is the value of the compensation, after the land has already been seized and the project completed in many cases.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">This is precisely where the residents of Abu Al-Nomros and Al-Badrasheen in Giza find themselves today. Their deadline to contest the value of the compensation allocated to them in exchange for expropriation for the Al-Mariouteya Axis project, which runs from its intersection with the Ring Road at Al-Mariouteya to its intersection with the Middle Ring Road within Giza Governorate, <a href=\"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86\/\">expires<\/a> on August 13. This project was designated as a public utility by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2023\/9\/18\/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9\/6308223\">decision<\/a> of the Prime Minister in favor of the Ministry of Transport. The right of contestation available to them is limited to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/reel\/2187283661835102\">objecting<\/a> to the estimated value of the compensation for their properties, or to the non-inclusion of their names among those entitled on the General Survey Authority&#8217;s lists.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">If the deadline passes without an objection, or the objection is rejected, the property owner is left with only the long litigation path, which may extend for years during which the land is seized and the project completed before a ruling is issued.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/23472023\/\">decision<\/a> to seize the lands required for the project by direct execution dates back to 2023, setting the initial compensation value for the lands and buildings conflicting with the project at approximately 950 million Egyptian pounds ($18.27 million). Article 6 of <a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/398\">Law<\/a> No. 10 of 1990 regulating the expropriation of real estate for public use stipulates that compensation shall be estimated according to prevailing prices at the time the expropriation decision is issued.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex1\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex2\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart2-peak.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex2\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Because procedures, from the issuance of the expropriation decision to the delivery of compensation, take a long time, and in the case of Abu Al-Nomros three years have passed without residents receiving their compensation yet, <a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/67630\">Article 1 of Law<\/a> No. 187 of 2020, amending certain provisions of the law, added 20% of the assessed value to the prevailing prices at the time the public interest decision is issued.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Cassation court lawyer Ibrahim Nayyer told Zawia3 that it is customary for residents subject to the expropriation law to complain about the unfairness of compensation, whether because the competent committee has assessed the compensation value below the market price, or because of the inflation differential and the declining purchasing power of the currency over long procedures.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The 20% appears insufficient to keep pace with this differential. The dollar in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2023\/9\/29\/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-29-9-2023-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\/6319092\">September<\/a> 2023, at the time the expropriation decision was issued, was equivalent to 30.95 Egyptian pounds, while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2026\/7\/30\/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3\/7497086\">today<\/a> it is equivalent to 50.67 Egyptian pounds, an increase of 63.7% over its 2023 exchange rate. This currency gap far exceeds the increase rate approved by Law No. 187 of 2020, even if the exchange rate indicator alone does not fully reflect the local real estate price inflation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/marsadomran.info\/2026\/06\/4367\/\">policy paper<\/a> issued by the Omran Center for Urban Studies on proposals for reforming the public interest law notes that the identification of what is known as &#8220;market value&#8221; and its adoption as the basis for compensation has posed problems on multiple levels. According to the law&#8217;s implementing regulations, a local administration committee is responsible for determining the market value of the property to be expropriated, yet a resettlement policy document for one of the projects documented estimates far below market prices in expropriation decisions, highlighting the General Survey Authority&#8217;s lack of valuation expertise and the absence of market price data. Assessment committees were also found to lack independent professional valuers, and property owners cannot engage independent experts of their own choosing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The paper noted that compensation is limited to the property itself without accounting for losses and hardship associated with relocation and resettlement, potential loss of income, legal fees, and moving costs, making it in principle inadequate even after adding the 20%. It also affirmed that the effects of expropriation are not confined to eviction and resettlement, but may in many cases lead to a deterioration in socioeconomic status, if individuals and families receive compensation below the threshold that would guarantee their resettlement in a unit of the same standard they previously occupied.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Nayyer explains that litigation procedures for contesting the value of compensation take a long time, deepening the gap between the compensation value and a fair price. If a property owner files a suit before a court of first instance to obtain fair compensation for their expropriated property, it may take an additional two years for the court to appoint an expert to determine the compensation and then return to the court; if the court does not rule in favor of satisfactory compensation, the case moves to the Court of Appeal; and if that court also does not rule favorably, the case goes to the Court of Cassation. This journey may extend from five to eight years, during which the price gap widens.<\/p>\n<hr dir=\"ltr\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Two &#8220;Landmark&#8221; Rulings That Took Two Decades to Arrive<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">To address this problem, the Court of Cassation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parlmany.com\/News\/2\/560715\/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AE-11-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3-%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6\">issued<\/a> a ruling described as landmark in July 2024, affirming that compensation and the consideration for deprivation shall be estimated according to prevailing prices at the time of the ruling or the time of submission of the experts&#8217; report, not at the time of the original seizure of the expropriated property, in consideration of the change in the value of money and the worsening of the damage, to compensate the owner for losses suffered and profits foregone, and that the judge must take into account any delay or undervalued seizure of property when estimating the due compensation. But the dispute in which this ruling was issued began in 2009 and was not settled until 2024, fifteen years for the principle to prevail.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">In another <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parlmany.com\/News\/2\/608258\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B9\">ruling<\/a> issued on June 15, the Court of Cassation settled the question of statute of limitations in expropriation cases, affirming that an administrative body&#8217;s seizure of a property without following legal procedures constitutes unlawful seizure that does not transfer ownership to the state, and that the right of ownership is permanent and does not lapse by prescription or non-use. The expropriation decision examined by the court in this ruling dates back to 2004: twenty-two years between the decision and its resolution.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Cassation court lawyer Nayyer says that Court of Cassation rulings are not legislatively binding, but are binding on the parties to the same case, and that when they establish a judicial principle it can subsequently be invoked to overturn and annul first-instance or appellate rulings if the challenge reaches that court. But the length of the litigation period remains a major obstacle, to the point that heirs often continue the cases, and at times litigation procedures rejecting the expropriation are completed after the property has already been seized and the project finished for years.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex3\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart3-governorates.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex3\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr dir=\"ltr\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Fewer Than 5% Are Formally Registered, and the Rest Are &#8220;Rights Holders&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">According to the Omran Center paper, the expropriation law <a href=\"https:\/\/marsadomran.info\/2026\/06\/4367\/\">restricts<\/a> compensation beneficiaries to formal owners, recognizing contracts registered with the Real Estate Publicity Department or preliminary contracts with a clear ownership chain. But this narrow definition ignores the complex reality of property ownership in Egypt, where officials acknowledge, according to the paper, that fewer than 5% of properties are formally registered, while statistics indicate that approximately 75% of newly built housing is classified as irregular and informal. This means the majority of property owners are entitled only to a discretionary compensation, which the entity requesting the expropriation may or may not pay, which the government has termed &#8220;social compensation,&#8221; estimated at approximately 40,000 Egyptian pounds ($769.23) per room, or an alternative housing unit from government housing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ibrahim Nayyer says that in the case of an unlicensed or unregistered property, its owners are listed under the designation &#8220;rights holders&#8221; rather than owners, receiving lower compensation and facing difficulties in proving their ownership of the expropriated property, which takes longer to resolve.<\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\"><p>The expropriation decision affecting some residents of Abu Al-Nomros and Al-Badrasheen is but one of 525 projects that expropriated approximately 88,769 feddans between 2021 and 2025, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/20212025\/\">study<\/a> conducted by Diwan Al-Omran and published last June. Based on this study, MP Hossam Al-Khisht submitted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shorouknews.com\/news\/view.aspx?cdate=13062026&amp;id=c696bc57-6393-44a2-91f1-8c612bc12341\">parliamentary inquiry<\/a> addressed to the Prime Minister and the ministers of transport, planning and economic development and international cooperation, housing utilities and urban communities, and water resources and irrigation, regarding the efficiency of the public interest expropriation compensation system and the challenges it faces that affect citizens&#8217; ability to obtain their rights in a fair and timely manner.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">According to Article 35 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/14675\">constitution<\/a>, private property is inviolable, the right of inheritance therein is guaranteed, no custodianship may be imposed on it except in the cases specified by law and by judicial ruling, and property may not be expropriated except for the public interest and in exchange for fair compensation paid in advance in accordance with the law.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex4\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart4-activities.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex4\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ibrahim Izz El-Din, Director of Policy at Diwan Al-Omran, says that moving from the constitutional framework of the expropriation principle to Law No. 10 of 1990, it becomes apparent that the law did not establish a precise definition of the concept of public interest, and was content to list examples of public interest projects, such as water, sewage, irrigation, energy, bridges, roads, and transport projects, while granting the Council of Ministers the authority to add other projects. This means that the assessment of public interest remains to a large extent in the hands of the executive authority, with no judicial role in reviewing the legality of the decision because it is not subject to challenge; a challenge applies only subsequently to the assessed value of compensation.<\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\"><p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/marsadomran.info\/2026\/06\/4367\/\">policy paper<\/a> of the Omran Center for Urban Studies, Law No. 10 of 1990 in its original formulation listed in its second article seven activities meeting the conditions of public interest, and with the same article permitting the inclusion of any public interest works stipulated by other laws, nine additional categories were identified as having been added to the scope of public interest works. Article 2 also granted the executive authority the power to add new categories beyond the original text, a power that was invoked 11 times through decisions of the Prime Minister during the 36 years since the law&#8217;s issuance. The total number of activities that can be designated as public interest and allow expropriation thus rose to 27 activities within seven main groups covering transport, utilities, public services, urban development, economic activities, heritage protection, and national security.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Izz El-Din told Zawia3 that the problem lies not in the existence of the public interest principle itself, but in the breadth of its concept and the absence of objective criteria to measure the extent of its necessity and proportionality to the scale of impact on citizens, and the concentration of the right to declare public interest in the hands of the government alone.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The Diwan Al-Omran study employed a compound analytical model called the &#8220;Diwan Al-Omran Expropriation Severity Index&#8221; (DAESI), to measure the structural and social impact of expropriation policies beyond the number of projects or the size of seized areas. It combines four main dimensions: the number of those affected, the real estate assets impacted, the geographic areas seized, and the level of compensation relative to the scale of harm, thereby measuring the severity of expropriation rather than merely its geographic extent.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">According to the study, 2022 represented the peak of expropriation implementation activity with 171 projects, recording the highest index level at 1,767.58 points, before the numbers and severity gradually declined to 2025 with 59 projects and a severity level of 622.18 points. The study attributed this decline to a number of major projects having transitioned to actual implementation stages, and to economic pressures and a slowdown in the pace of government investment expansion in subsequent years.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex5\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart5-litigation.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex5\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">In terms of geographic distribution, Matrouh Governorate ranked first in seized area with approximately 49,939 feddans serving coastal and investment projects such as &#8220;Ras Al-Hikma,&#8221; but did not rank first in severity of impact on citizens due to its low population density. Cairo and Giza governorates, which ranked second and fourth in seized area, were the most severely affected in human terms on the index: Cairo recorded 1,086.16 points with 201,639 affected persons, and Giza recorded 784.72 points with 157,476 affected persons, as a result of expropriation targeting built-up areas and high-density residential zones, particularly in Greater Cairo and regional connectivity corridors. Monufia and Gharbia governorates also recorded high severity levels despite smaller areas, due to the concentration of expropriation within densely populated urban blocks.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The total value of compensation during the study period amounted to 55.2 billion Egyptian pounds ($1.06 billion), of which 20.07 billion Egyptian pounds ($386 million) went to cross-governorate regional projects. But the index did not measure the absolute value of compensation so much as it measured its proportionality to the scale of harm, meaning that a higher compensation value does not necessarily mean lower expropriation severity, particularly when projects involve the clearance of large residential and property densities within congested urban areas. Despite Cairo and Giza accounting for a large proportion of total compensation, the index values remained extremely high, due to the large numbers of those affected and the extensive urban and social impacts of axis projects and urban replanning.<\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\"><p>Izz El-Din points out that the study was not concerned with passing judgment on the market value of compensation, but with documenting and analyzing it in the context of expropriation decisions issued between 2021 and 2025. Justice in compensation is not measured by the size of the amount alone, but by the timing of its disbursement, the extent to which it aligns with the true value of the property at the time of expropriation, and its capacity to enable families to secure alternative housing or a source of livelihood without a deterioration in their economic and social conditions. He notes that financial compensation frequently fails to compensate for non-material losses, such as the loss of social networks, attachment to place, or sources of income built up over years.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">He adds that using the DAESI to measure the severity of social impact allowed compensation to be viewed as part of a system for protecting rights, not merely a financial obligation discharged by the state.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The study concluded that during the period from 2021 to 2025 the state transitioned to a more intensive use of expropriation as a tool for accelerating the implementation of national projects and urban expansions, transforming the concept of &#8220;expropriation&#8221; from an administrative procedure into a primary mechanism for reshaping the social and urban map and redistributing populations. It also revealed the continued concentration of national projects and investments in Greater Cairo, the Delta, and coastal corridors at the expense of border governorates, and recommended the development of compound measurement and analysis tools for a more precise understanding of the true impacts of public projects, enabling a deeper assessment of the social and urban cost accompanying urban expansion policies in Egyptian cities.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Izz El-Din argues that the most important aspect of the study is that the parliamentary inquiry submitted by MP Hossam Al-Khisht based on it transformed its documented data into a tool for public accountability, shifting it from a research work to a document cited by the legislative authority in its oversight of the executive authority. He points out that a transformation of an independent study&#8217;s findings into the basis for a formal parliamentary debate on citizens&#8217; rights reflects the importance of having documented and independent databases that help decision-makers evaluate policies, and ensure that expropriation and compensation issues are part of an evidence-based public debate, not one based solely on individual cases and impressions.<\/p>\n<hr dir=\"ltr\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Does Public Interest Override the Citizen&#8217;s Right to Property?<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Izz El-Din says that in theory, public interest may not override the citizen&#8217;s right to property, because the constitution considered private property an intrinsic right that cannot be violated except for the public interest and in exchange for fair compensation paid in advance. But the current system, in practice, renders this constitutional right vulnerable to infringement, because the declaration of public interest is issued by the executive authority itself, which is the primary beneficiary of the expropriation, without an independent body reviewing the declaration or permitting a challenge to its substance before implementation. Judicial disputes are also concentrated on the value of compensation, not on re-examining whether the project genuinely serves a public interest that necessitates expropriation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The Omran Center paper agrees with Izz El-Din, noting that the law&#8217;s application has left wide room for expanding the scope of projects designated as &#8220;public interest,&#8221; without requiring verification of their feasibility and public benefit on a case-by-case basis.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Izz El-Din adds that when the government is the one that decides on the existence of public interest, implements the decision, and benefits from the project, without independent oversight, the citizen&#8217;s right to property becomes practically weaker than state authority, and public interest transforms from a constitutional exception for the protection of the general good into a tool that may be used to expand expropriation. This constitutes an infringement on the right to private property even if the decision fulfills its legal form. The real safeguard lies not in the existence of a constitutional text, but in the existence of an independent mechanism preventing its misuse.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">He points out that the figures of the Diwan Al-Omran study, including the implementation of 525 projects resulting in the expropriation of approximately 88,769 feddans and the impact on more than 136,519 families, equivalent to approximately 546,000 citizens, confirm that the issue is no longer individual, but a complete system requiring reconsideration in which property rights become the default and expropriation remains a genuine exception subject to independent oversight, not merely an administrative decision issued in the name of public interest.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex6\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart6-informal.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex6\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr dir=\"ltr\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Proposals for Reforming the Public Interest Law<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The Omran Center paper notes that the government&#8217;s right to expropriate is not unique to Egypt. International law recognizes states&#8217; sovereign right to expropriate real estate for economic or social purposes, subject to strict conditions, including that the procedure serves a genuine public purpose, that it is non-discriminatory, that it follows due legal process, and that it is accompanied by compensation. Nevertheless, many countries, alongside international financial institutions, have moved toward gradually reforming expropriation mechanisms as a result of popular objections.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">In Egypt, and according to the paper, the technical support provided by the World Bank to the government for reforming the expropriation law identified several problems. The law does not define what is meant by public interest or establish criteria for its application, granting administrative bodies wide discretionary authority. There is also an absence of parliamentary, judicial, or government bodies to monitor the feasibility of projects and assess their necessity, explore the possibility of reducing seized areas, or calculate their financial burdens. A previous parliamentary proposal to establish a technical committee affiliated with the Council of Ministers for this purpose was rejected. These problems led to a legislative and oversight vacuum that transformed the &#8220;public interest declaration&#8221; from a decision subject to strict scrutiny and standards into a routine administrative procedure with no deliberation or accountability.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The paper presented proposals built on three axes for protecting property rights and residents&#8217; rights and achieving urban justice. The first focuses on strengthening procedures for determining public interest, through generalizing evidence-based necessity studies assessing social, economic, and environmental impacts and making them publicly available, proving the project&#8217;s economic superiority and the absence of less harmful alternatives before implementation, establishing a permanent parliamentary committee drawing on experts and local councils to examine expropriation requests and balance benefits and harms, and amending the law to permit judicial challenge of the expropriation decision while suspending eviction until a final ruling.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The second axis focuses on recognizing informal ownership and securing housing, through freezing expropriation and expediting decisions on property registration requests, and regularizing existing adverse possession and reconciliation arrangements; compensating beneficiaries and long-term lease holders for the residual value of the contract and relocation costs; and transitioning from purely monetary compensation to providing adequate alternative housing that preserves quality of life and livelihoods.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The third axis focuses on restructuring the compensation system, through engaging independent appraisers, broadening the scope of compensation to include redress for moving costs, loss of commercial income, and crop compensation; prohibiting eviction except after full payment of compensation; suspending it in the event of a challenge pending a final ruling; and setting 12 months as the maximum deadline for urgent courts to decide on cases.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Yahia Shawkat, Director of the Omran Center for Urban Studies, adds that the most important factor in strengthening public interest determination procedures is proving the absence of other feasible and less harmful alternatives to the properties, which opens the door for residents to challenge and discuss the decision, transforming it from a routine step into a rigorous mechanism. At a time when the government has permitted the regularization of adverse possession and reconciliation for informal buildings, these rights must be synchronized with the state&#8217;s expropriation authority.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-en-ex7\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/expropriation-egypt\/en-expr-chart7-compensation.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-en-ex7\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Shawkat told Zawia3 that the Egyptian constitution stipulates fair compensation, and that the Civil Code recognizes the social function of private property, which he sees as an entry point for improving residents&#8217; conditions through rent regulation or the construction of social housing. He points out that the law&#8217;s application lacks mechanisms to guarantee fairness in implementation, and that the paper&#8217;s proposals may address some of this gap.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">But the proposals remain proposals, and the principles established by the Court of Cassation are binding only on the parties to its own cases. Meanwhile, the deadline for residents of Abu Al-Nomros and Al-Badrasheen to contest compensation they consider below the value of their land expires on August 13, and before them lies a litigation path that may extend from five to eight years, at the end of which the land will have been seized and the axis completed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Between 2021 and 2025, Egypt expropriated 88,769 feddans across 525 projects affecting 546,000 citizens, under a law that leaves public interest undefined, unchallengeable, and compensation calculated at outdated prices.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16011,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[390],"tags":[16726,16730,16727,16728,16725,16729,16722,16724,16723,16731],"kateb":[15844],"class_list":["post-16014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights","tag-abu-al-nomros-giza-expropriation","tag-court-of-cassation-expropriation-ruling","tag-daesi-index-egypt","tag-diwan-al-omran-study","tag-expropriation-compensation-egypt","tag-informal-property-egypt","tag-land-expropriation-egypt","tag-law-10-1990-egypt","tag-public-interest-law-egypt","tag-urban-development-egypt-property-right","kateb-yasmin-ali"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u0646\u0632\u0639-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16014","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16014"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16014\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16018,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16014\/revisions\/16018"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16014"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16014"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16014"},{"taxonomy":"kateb","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kateb?post=16014"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}