{"id":16790,"date":"2026-08-19T18:38:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T16:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/?p=16790"},"modified":"2026-10-24T17:30:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T15:30:53","slug":"ministers-resignation-accountability-egypt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/ministers-resignation-accountability-egypt\/","title":{"rendered":"Resignation in Egypt: Closing the File Without Establishing Responsibility"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Has resignation in Egypt become a tool for managing crises instead of accountability? It is a question imposed by a review of cases extending from 2000 to 2026, which shows that officials&#8217; departure from their posts during crises was rarely accompanied by an official announcement of responsibilities or of the results of an investigation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, Dr Gihane Zaki announced her <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2026\/07\/07\/egypt-culture-minister-resigns-after-final-ruling-in-intellectual-property-case\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from her post as Minister of Culture, following the issuance of a final and conclusive ruling from the Court of Cassation in the case concerning the infringement of the intellectual property rights of the writer Soheir Mohamed Abdel Hamid, after the court upheld the ruling issued by the Economic Court on 9 July 2025, which obliged her to pay compensation of EGP 100,000 and to withdraw the disputed book from circulation.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her resignation was preceded by wide controversy over the appointment of the Minister of Education, Mohamed Abdel Latif, after his declared academic qualifications raised questions. In a previous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/minister-of-education\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Zawia3, lawyer Amr Hassan Abdel Salam, a member of the defence team and a lawyer before the Court of Cassation and the Supreme Constitutional Court, said that the defence team had formally contacted &#8220;Cardiff City&#8221; University in the United States to verify the doctorate attributed to the minister, and it stated that he is not listed in its records and did not enrol in any of its programmes, that the serial number on the certificate belongs to another person, and that the specialisation stated in it is not offered among its programmes, while &#8220;Lawrence&#8221; University stated that it does not offer postgraduate studies in this field. These facts, along with lawsuits challenging the appointment decision, raised questions about the mechanisms for verifying the data of candidates for ministerial posts before they assume responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These questions extend to the pattern of how Egyptian governments deal with officials who face accusations of corruption or legal violations, against whom rulings are issued, or whose remaining in office is linked to public crises. Of about twelve cases monitored by this report during the period from 2000 to 2026, resignation was the predominant path, while departure rarely took the form of a direct, announced dismissal, and the other forms varied between remaining in office despite the crisis and leaving on sick leave with an acting minister assigned; this raises a question about the criteria that govern the choice of the mechanism of departure, and about why the government tends towards the formula of resignation. This comes in a context in which the anti-corruption file has received prominent, declared official attention, while Egypt scored 30 out of 100 on the 2024 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aajeg.com\/economy\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-5-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corruption Perceptions Index<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> issued by Transparency International, its lowest level in 12 years, ranking 130th out of 180 countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl1\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart1-accidents.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl1\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<h1><strong>The Same Resignation, Different Endings<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recent years have witnessed cases in which ministers left their posts after their names were linked to corruption cases or legal crises, but the legal fate of each of them differed despite the uniformity of the form of departure. In September 2015, Dr Salah Helal, the Minister of Agriculture, submitted <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.assafir.com\/ssr\/10865203.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">his resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following a presidential request, after the eruption of a corruption case known as the &#8220;Ministry of Agriculture bribery case&#8221;, and he was arrested immediately after leaving the Cabinet. In April 2017, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/News\/1431745.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Court of Cassation rejected his appeal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and upheld his ten-year prison sentence, a fine of EGP 1 million and his removal from his post, then <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masrawy.com\/news\/news_egypt\/details\/2025\/9\/9\/2850860\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he was released in September 2025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after completing his sentence; resignation thus did not prevent arrest, trial and the full execution of the sentence.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl2\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart2-severity.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl2\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the same year, Counsellor Mahfouz Saber, the Minister of Justice, submitted <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aawsat.com\/home\/article\/357966\/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">his resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following television statements that provoked widespread anger, after he spoke about the impossibility of appointing the children of sanitation workers to the judiciary. As for Khaled Hanafy, the Minister of Supply and Internal Trade, he announced his <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/--idUSKCN1101OZ\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in August 2016 following a corruption crisis in the local wheat supply system, after controversy escalated over the findings of a parliamentary fact-finding committee that uncovered violations in some silos and storage yards, including the supply of fictitious quantities of wheat in order to obtain dues from the state, and his resignation was accepted by Prime Minister&#8217;s Decree No. 2300 of 2016, published in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2016\/8\/25\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%81%D9%89\/2858382\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Official Gazette<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; but his criminal path proceeded separately, as the Supreme Public Funds Prosecution decided in January 2018 to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/News\/1805108.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shelve the investigations administratively<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into the complaint filed against him, ruling out suspicion of an assault on public funds, a shelving decision that does not constitute a ruling of acquittal, since Hanafy was not referred in this complaint to a trial ending in a verdict. His <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/akhbarelyom.com\/news\/newdetails\/2608848\/1\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86-%C2%A0%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> thus closed a path that had been open and the criminal file ended with shelving, whereas Helal&#8217;s resignation ended in a conviction, which makes the more precise question not &#8220;Did the minister resign?&#8221; but what happened to the investigations and complaints after his resignation.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl3\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart3-victims.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl3\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zohdy El-Shamy, a leader in the Socialist Popular Alliance Party, believes, speaking to Zawia3, that a number of incidents in recent years raise questions about the criteria for selecting ministers and the mechanisms for dealing with the crises surrounding them, noting that some officials remained in their posts despite suspicions or crises, and only left after pressure escalated. He considers the case of former Minister of Culture Gihane Zaki one of the clearest examples, as the case of infringement of intellectual property rights was before the courts before her appointment and then ended with a final ruling from the Court of Cassation, which in his view should have required her exclusion from the cabinet line-up. He points to the case of former Minister of Health Hala Zayed, who left in the wake of corruption investigations that included a number of the ministry&#8217;s leaders, among them the director of her office, considering that a minister&#8217;s political responsibility requires him to bear the consequences of what happens within his institution even when no direct criminal responsibility is proven. According to El-Shamy, the recurrence of these incidents reflects a tendency to keep officials in place until their resignation becomes the only option instead of direct dismissal, which he links to the executive authority&#8217;s desire to avoid acknowledging a flaw in the selection, adding that the acceptance of a resignation is often accompanied by messages praising the official&#8217;s performance, in what he sees as an indicator of the absence of a culture of political accountability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Ota2fnAELp\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/transport-workers-egypt\/\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u201d \u2014 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\" src=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/transport-workers-egypt\/embed\/#?secret=AflUeJoxEx#?secret=Ota2fnAELp\" data-secret=\"Ota2fnAELp\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Between Resignation and Dismissal<\/strong><\/h1>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human rights lawyer Malek Adly, executive director of the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights, believes, speaking to Zawia3, that the difference between resignation and dismissal is not limited to how an official leaves his post, but extends to their political and institutional connotations. He explains that resignation is in principle issued by the will of the minister when circumstances prevent him from continuing, while dismissal is a decision taken by the competent authority when it considers that he is no longer suitable, because of his failure to implement the government programme, his departure from state policies or his committing an error that requires the termination of his service. He points out that some democratic systems tend to ask an official to resign instead of dismissing him when he faces serious accusations, to avoid political embarrassment for the government, as resignation is presented as a personal decision instead of dismissal being understood as an official admission of a wrong choice; but he adds that this practice is clearer in systems in which resignation is coupled with declared mechanisms of accountability, whereas when sufficient information is absent it is difficult to distinguish between a voluntary resignation, political pressure and an undeclared dismissal.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl4\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart4-ministers.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl4\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Egyptian Constitution does not place all forms of ministers&#8217; departure from their posts in a single category. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/14675\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 174 of the Constitution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a minister submits his resignation to the Prime Minister, while Article 147 permits the President of the Republic to relieve the government of its duties or to carry out a cabinet reshuffle after consulting the Prime Minister and with the approval of the House of Representatives by the majorities set by the Constitution, and there is a third route: Article 131 grants the House of Representatives the power to withdraw confidence from a minister after debating an interpellation, whereupon his resignation becomes mandatory. This distinction requires caution in dealing with the word &#8220;resignation&#8221;; a minister who leaves following a decision relieving him of his post, or who is not chosen again after a collective resignation of the government, or who steps down after confidence in him has been withdrawn, does not go through the same political path as a minister who chose to submit an individual resignation linked to a crisis within his ministry, and the resignation of the entire government following the election of a new president is not valid evidence that every minister in it bore responsibility for a previous incident.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"dtY6SwxJJv\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/mustaqbal-misr-law\/\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631&#8221;: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u201d: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u201d \u2014 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\" src=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/mustaqbal-misr-law\/embed\/#?secret=bSHVKjryaN#?secret=dtY6SwxJJv\" data-secret=\"dtY6SwxJJv\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1><strong>What Does Resignation Actually End?<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leaving office does not grant a minister immunity from investigation or trial. Article 173 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/14675\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> subjects the Prime Minister and members of the government to the general rules governing investigation and trial for crimes committed in the course of performing their duties or because of them, and explicitly affirms that their leaving their posts does not prevent the filing of a case against them or its continuation; resignation may end a minister&#8217;s relationship with the executive authority, but it does not erase his criminal responsibility if the evidence is available. On the other hand, resignation can end another path of accountability, namely the parliamentary path; Article 225 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.gov.eg\/InternalRegulation.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internal Regulations of the House of Representatives<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides that an interpellation lapses if the person to whom it was addressed loses his capacity. The practical effect of this appeared in the first session of the House of Representatives in 2016, when MPs submitted 11 interpellations, but <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2016\/9\/8\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7-11-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9\/2875537\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seven of them lapsed before debate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because they were addressed to the Minister of Supply, Khaled Hanafy, who lost his capacity through his resignation. It is precisely here that resignation can turn into a &#8220;safe political exit&#8221;, not because it grants legal innocence, but because it ends a public confrontation in which the minister was supposed to provide answers before the voters&#8217; representatives.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A minister&#8217;s financial obligations do not end when he leaves his office. Article 166 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/14675\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> obliges the Prime Minister and members of the government to submit a financial disclosure statement on taking office, on leaving it and at the end of each year, and provides for its publication in the Official Gazette, while <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/13835\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Illicit Gains Law No. 62 of 1975<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> obliges those subject to it to submit a final declaration within two months of ceasing to be subject to the law, covering their financial assets and those of their spouses and minor children and the real estate and movable property they own. But the text opens a question about implementation; in January 2022, the Court of Administrative Justice upheld a ruling not to accept a lawsuit that demanded that the government be obliged to publish the financial disclosure statements of former and current ministers, on the grounds that the plaintiff lacked standing, and the ruling did not decide on the substance of the implementation of the publication duty itself; the plaintiff argued, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/daily\/News\/203995\/27\/839137\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">according to the account of the ruling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, that the statements had not been published, while the court concluded with non-acceptance for a procedural reason, not by establishing publication or denying that it was obligatory.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl5\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart5-corruption.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl5\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Hala Zayed: A Departure Without an Announced Resignation<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The case of former Minister of Health Hala Zayed presents a model different from both resignation and dismissal. On 28 October 2021, a decision was issued <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeeramubasher.net\/news\/politics\/2021\/10\/29\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assigning<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the then Minister of Higher Education, Khaled Abdel Ghaffar, to carry out the duties of the Minister of Health &#8220;until her recovery&#8221;, after she obtained sick leave, without the government announcing the acceptance of a resignation from her or her definitive removal, and Abdel Ghaffar remained acting minister until the House of Representatives approved his <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/News\/3638140.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">appointment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as Minister of Health on 13 August 2022. As for the &#8220;Ministry of Health bribery&#8221; case, the prosecution referred four defendants to trial, and Zayed was not among them according to the published referral list; in July 2022 the court sentenced her former husband, Mohamed Abdel Meguid El-Ashhab, to ten years of aggravated imprisonment and a fine of EGP 500,000, sentenced the licensing official to one year in prison, and exempted two intermediaries after their confessions, and the case papers stated that the first defendant requested EGP 5 million and received EGP 600,000 in exchange for using his influence to prevent the closure of an unlicensed hospital and to prepare a report contrary to the truth, and that the evidence included the statements of 13 witnesses, recordings and bank documents, according to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masrawy.com\/news\/news_cases\/details\/2022\/7\/27\/2265453\/-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%AF-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1-\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">details of the ruling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Therefore, it is not accurate to describe Zayed as having &#8220;resigned because of the case&#8221; in the absence of an announced official decision accepting a resignation, nor is it accurate to describe her as having &#8220;been acquitted&#8221;, because she was not among those referred; the more precise description is that she stepped away on sick leave with an acting minister assigned and then left the cabinet in August 2022, while other defendants were tried.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl6\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart6-parliament.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl6\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Train Accidents: Resignation in the Face of Railway Disasters<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ministry of Transport, and the railway sector in particular, represents the most recurrent model of officials leaving after major crises during the monitoring period; over more than two decades, several train disasters have been associated with the departure of ministers and officials, without always being accompanied by a clear announcement of the results of an accountability process that determines responsibilities. Of six cases of transport ministers&#8217; departures that coincided with train disasters, four left their posts directly as a result of the accidents: Ibrahim El-Demery after the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albayan.ae\/last-page\/2002-02-23-1.1305491\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on Upper Egypt train No. 832 near El-Ayat in 2002, which left hundreds of victims; Mohamed Lotfy Mansour after the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/middleeast\/2009\/10\/091027_aq_egypttrain_tc2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">collision<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of two trains at El-Ayat in 2009, declaring in his <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/news\/2009\/10\/27\/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">letter of resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that he bore &#8220;political responsibility&#8221;; Mohamed Rashad El-Metiny, whose <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albayan.ae\/one-world\/arabs\/2012-11-17-1.1768623\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was accepted on the day of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/news\/2012\/11\/17\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%B9-48-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manfalut schoolchildren&#8217;s bus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> disaster in Assiut Governorate in 2012, which claimed the lives of 48 pupils; and Hisham Arafat, whose <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/ar\/20190227-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the Prime Minister accepted on the day of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/amphtml\/middle-east\/article\/2019\/02\/27\/egypt-train0crashed\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Misr Station fire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2019, which caused the deaths of 20 citizens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The other two cases do not fall within the resignations directly linked to accidents. Hatem Abdel Latif announced after the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/al-ain.com\/article\/ramsesstationaccident\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Badrashin train accident<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in January 2013 that he bore political responsibility, but he <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almasryalyoum.com\/news\/details\/281715\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">refused to resign<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the grounds that he had taken office only ten days earlier, then <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2013\/7\/5\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF\/1149659\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resigned<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on 4 July of the same year together with the Freedom and Justice Party ministers in protest at the removal of President Mohamed Morsi, not because of the accident. As for Ibrahim El-Demery, he did not submit an individual resignation following the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com\/node\/10251\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\/ajax\/aggregate\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dahshur accident<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2013; the Beblawi government resigned collectively in February 2014, then he was reappointed in the government of Ibrahim Mahlab under <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mediadr.sis.gov.eg\/handle\/123456789\/47680\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presidential Decree No. 72 of 2014<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and after the Mahlab government resigned collectively following the election of Abdel Fattah El-Sisi he was not chosen again, and Hany Dahy took over the ministry in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/daily\/News\/31215\/60\/296853\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A\/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84-.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 2014 cabinet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, so there is not enough evidence to say that he was dismissed because of Dahshur.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the pattern changed after 2019; major crises in the sector no longer led to the minister&#8217;s resignation. On 26 March 2021, two trains <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/news\/2021\/3\/27\/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">collided<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Tahta district in Sohag Governorate, and the Ministry of Health announced that the toll had risen to about 32 dead and more than a hundred injured; the President vowed to hold those responsible to account, and the Public Prosecutor ordered an investigation and the detention of the drivers of the two trains, the control tower official and the level-crossing worker; but the Minister of Transport, Lieutenant General Kamel El-Wazir, remained in his post, and accountability was directed at the direct workers, below the level of the ministry&#8217;s political leadership.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is consistent with an older pattern in the distribution of criminal responsibility; ministerial resignation has often proceeded in parallel with the trial of executive workers. In the 2002 Upper Egypt train fire, 11 low- and middle-level employees were referred to the criminal court, and then <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/46637\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the court acquitted them all<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, saying that the cause of the fire remained unknown and that the &#8220;real defendant&#8221; was outside the dock, and criticising the prosecution of junior workers while the leaders were left alone. In the 2009 El-Ayat accident, the courts convicted eight railway workers, and the sentences were reduced on appeal to terms <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almasryalyoum.com\/news\/detailsamp\/27825\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ranging between six months and three years<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. After the 2012 Manfalut disaster, the Court of Cassation upheld the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albawabhnews.com\/1415212\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imprisonment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the level-crossing worker and the block supervisor for ten years each. In the 2019 Misr Station fire, the Court of Cassation rejected the appeals of 14 defendants and upheld sentences ranging between three and 15 years, with the locomotive driver receiving the harshest and being obliged to pay EGP 8.8 million, according to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/402446\/Egypt\/Politics-\/Egypts-court-upholds-year-jail-sentence-for-train-.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">final ruling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; this reveals that the criminal responsibility that ended in actual sentences was concentrated on drivers, level-crossing workers, block supervisors and operating employees, while the minister&#8217;s resignation remained a separate political measure that does not in itself determine who technically caused the disaster.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In terms of recent figures, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg\/metadata-ar-v4.2\/index.php\/catalog\/1949\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">annual bulletin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) reveals a fluctuation that does not allow a steady path of improvement to be traced; the number of train operation accidents rose from 181 in 2023 to 220 in 2024, an increase of 21.5%, then fell to 170 in 2025, a decline of 22.7%. Operation accidents in 2025 resulted in 39 deaths and 139 injuries, while the agency recorded, in two separate classifications, 491 deaths and 236 injuries in &#8220;personal accidents&#8221; on the lines, and five deaths and 215 injuries among the authority&#8217;s workers; the accident rate stood at 0.7 per million passengers, and the accident severity index fell from 54.8 deaths per hundred injured in 2024 to 28.1 in 2025, according to a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gate.ahram.org.eg\/News\/5679470.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">statement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> based on the agency&#8217;s data. While the three classifications must not be added together into a single figure because their definitions differ, the decline in operation accidents does not mean the disappearance of the danger associated with the railway network and its surroundings.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"4IfLgvwxLh\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/trains\/\">Why Has Egypt\u2019s Railway Development Not Reduced Accidents?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201cWhy Has Egypt\u2019s Railway Development Not Reduced Accidents?\u201d \u2014 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\" src=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/trains\/embed\/#?secret=wImgVYLFOm#?secret=4IfLgvwxLh\" data-secret=\"4IfLgvwxLh\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Between Resignation and Dismissal: Who Bears Responsibility?<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human rights advocate Mohamed Abdel Salam, executive director of the Association for Freedom of Thought and Expression, says, speaking to Zawia3, that understanding the repeated recourse to resignation instead of dismissal requires looking at the nature of how governments are formed in Egypt and at the mechanisms for selecting ministers. He explains that governments are not formed as the outcome of competition between political programmes or of a parliamentary majority that produces a government accountable to parliament, but are formed centrally by the President of the Republic, which makes ministers closer to officials tasked with implementing the general directions of the executive authority than to holders of independent political programmes. He believes that the selection criteria are not necessarily linked to political weight or independence so much as to the ability to implement policies without clashes, which explains the weak political presence of a number of ministers compared with parliamentary systems. Proceeding from this view, he considers that dismissal may be understood as an admission by the executive authority of an error in selection, which explains the preference for the formula of resignation, as presenting the departure as a &#8220;resignation&#8221; allows the government to contain the crisis without appearing to be the one that erred in choosing one of its members. He notes that resignation statements often use phrases such as &#8220;relieving the government of embarrassment&#8221; or &#8220;bearing responsibility&#8221; without a detailed announcement of the reasons or an official evaluation of performance, and concludes that political responsibility in its accepted sense is not limited to leaving office, but includes acknowledging shortcomings, announcing the reasons for failure and the existence of clear mechanisms of accountability before public opinion and parliament.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ola Shahba, a leader in the Bread and Freedom Party (under establishment), speaking to Zawia3, links the repeated recourse to resignation to the nature of the accountability system in Egypt, and believes that pushing an official to resign instead of dismissing him explicitly reflects an approach that avoids entrenching the idea of holding officials accountable before public opinion. She says that resignation is usually presented as a personal decision or as &#8220;sensing embarrassment&#8221;, without any announcement of whether internal investigations were conducted into the matters raised, citing what has been raised about the qualifications of the Minister of Education and the case linked to the former Minister of Culture, and she considers that the absence of detailed official information about the reasons for ending service affects citizens&#8217; right to knowledge and accountability.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended reading: <a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/stevia-sugar\/\">Stevia: Egypt Grows It and Imports Its Extracts<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Necessary Distinctions: Not Every Crisis Is a Corruption Case<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Addressing these incidents requires distinguishing the nature of each case instead of merging them into a single category. The case of former Minister of Culture Gihane Zaki, whose two appeals the Court of Cassation rejected on 6 July 2026, upholding the obligation on her to pay EGP 100,000 in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almasryalyoum.com\/news\/detailsamp\/4309344\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">compensation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the writer Soheir Abdel Hamid, along with the withdrawal of the book from the market after the infringement of intellectual property rights was proven, is a civil compensation ruling for a professional violation, not a case of bribery or seizure of public funds; she submitted her resignation the following day &#8220;to relieve the government of embarrassment&#8221;, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vetogate.com\/5689460\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">two decisions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were issued accepting it and assigning the Minister of Higher Education to carry out the duties of the ministry. The case is therefore valid as a model of resignation because of a final ruling that bears on the appropriateness of remaining in office, not of financial corruption.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><iframe id=\"zw-rl7\" style=\"border: none; display: block; width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/agamalziada.github.io\/railway-egypt\/en-rail2-chart7-verdicts.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"50\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><script>!function(){var e=document.getElementById(\"zw-rl7\");window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(m){if(m.data&&m.data.type===\"chartResize\"&&m.source===e.contentWindow)e.style.height=m.data.height+\"px\";});}();<\/script><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Likewise, the crisis over the qualifications of the Minister of Education falls into the category of scrutiny, not conviction; the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/moe.gov.eg\/ar\/what-s-on\/news\/oath\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ministry<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> officially adopted, in the biography published following his appointment, his holding of a doctorate from &#8220;Cardiff City University&#8221; and a master&#8217;s degree from &#8220;Lawrence University&#8221;, and lawyers filed a lawsuit demanding his removal and an examination of the certificates, but the Court of Administrative Justice ruled in June 2025 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2025\/6\/28\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85\/7037597\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that it lacked jurisdiction<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to hear the case, a procedural ruling that did not decide on the validity of the qualifications; moreover, Article 164 of the Constitution does not require a member of the government to hold a specific university qualification, and Abdel Latif remained in his post until August 2026, when he appeared in his capacity as minister at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairo24.com\/2468707\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">his meeting with the top-ranking students of the General Secondary Certificate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; the main problem lies in the mechanisms for vetting CVs and in the accuracy of official data, not in a court ruling proving forgery or the violation of a constitutional condition. From a broader angle, the existence of a case before the courts does not mean that guilt has been established, as evidenced by the divergent endings between conviction, shelving and acquittal, which requires separating the political responsibility that pushes an official to leave office from the criminal responsibility that the judiciary settles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"j9RvtgzdSL\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/tousoun-eviction-alexandria\/\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 320 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 320 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u201d \u2014 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\" src=\"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/tousoun-eviction-alexandria\/embed\/#?secret=cFZ7zyrWe9#?secret=j9RvtgzdSL\" data-secret=\"j9RvtgzdSL\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1><strong>How Have Other Countries Dealt With It?<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple international experiences show that an official&#8217;s departure from his post, whether by resignation or dismissal, does not necessarily mean the curtain falls on the case, but is often the beginning of a path of investigations and accountability. In Austria, Chancellor Sebastian Kurz <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/world-58859662\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">announced<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> his resignation in October 2021 after investigations were opened into suspicions of corruption, breach of trust and the use of public funds to finance opinion polls and media coverage serving his interests, and the resignation did not end the proceedings, as the investigations continued after his departure. In Germany, President Christian Wulff <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/worldnews\/2012\/02\/120217_germany_president_resignation_merkel\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resigned<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2012 after the public prosecutor requested the lifting of his immunity to investigate accusations of abuse of influence, then he was referred to trial before the court acquitted him in 2014, in a separation between political and criminal responsibility. In South Korea, the crisis <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/2017\/3\/2\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">took<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a different path; the Constitutional Court removed President Park Geun-hye in 2017 after parliament voted to impeach her, and the removal was followed by a trial that ended with her conviction and a prison sentence before she obtained a pardon. Brazil witnessed a similar case in 1992, when President Fernando Collor de Mello submitted <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthousenews.com\/brazils-ex-president-collor-de-mello-arrested-in-corruption-case-police-source\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">his resignation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hours before the Senate vote on his removal, but the Senate went ahead with the proceedings and barred him from holding any public office for eight years. In South Africa, dealing with suspicions of corruption was not <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-59880624\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">limited<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to departure, but extended to the dismissal of senior officials in institutions that the Zondo Commission found had been subjected to &#8220;state capture&#8221; operations during the era of former President Jacob Zuma, and it recommended referring a number of them to law enforcement agencies. In China, the dismissal of senior officials <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asharq.com\/politics\/189981\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA-%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">represents<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> one of the most prominent tools of the Communist Party; in July 2026, Ma Xingrui, a former member of the Politburo and the party secretary in Xinjiang, was dismissed and expelled from the party after investigations into the taking of bribes, paving the way for his referral to the judiciary.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The value of resignation increases when it is part of a system that defines its criteria. In Britain, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/ministerial-code\/ministerial-code\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministerial Code<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, updated in June 2026, obliges ministers to give accurate and truthful information to Parliament and to correct inadvertent errors at the earliest opportunity, and stipulates that a minister who knowingly misleads Parliament is expected to offer his resignation to the Prime Minister. The code does not confine the penalty to resignation; the Independent Adviser on Ministerial Standards can initiate an investigation into a possible breach, and the sanctions include a public apology or a temporary loss of ministerial salary, while a serious breach may end in leaving the government and being deprived of severance pay, and ministers&#8217; interests are published every three months; resignation here is not a substitute for establishing the facts, but a possible outcome within a process that includes written rules, an investigation, a declaration of interests and a gradation of sanctions.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cases monitored by this report, from 2000 to 2026, reveal that resignation has become the most prevalent path in dealing with crises affecting ministers and senior officials in Egypt, whether they were linked to accidents that claimed citizens&#8217; lives, to corruption cases or to court rulings, while direct dismissal has remained less present, and even resignation itself has receded in the most recent crises in favour of the official remaining in place and accountability being shifted to lower levels. Departure has rarely been accompanied by an official announcement clarifying the reasons or determining responsibilities, or by written rules that separate political, moral and criminal responsibility and determine who investigates, when, and what is published to public opinion; without this link, resignation remains a major media event whose effect in preventing the recurrence of the crisis or in uncovering institutional responsibility remains unmeasurable.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Resignation causes parliamentary interpellations to lapse under the Internal Regulations, and it has rarely been accompanied by an official announcement determining responsibilities, while the pattern changed after 2019, as the Minister of Transport remained in his post after the collision of the Sohag trains and accountability was directed at the direct workers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16139,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[412],"tags":[],"kateb":[728],"class_list":["post-16790","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics-en","kateb-shimaa-hamdy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16790","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16790"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16790\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24183,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16790\/revisions\/24183"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16790"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16790"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16790"},{"taxonomy":"kateb","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zawia3.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kateb?post=16790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}